Evaluation of Liquefaction Properties of East Coast Sand of New Zealand Mixed with Varied Kaolinite Contents Using the Dynamically Induced Porewater Pressure Characteristics

In earthquake geotechnical engineering, physical model experiments have proven to be significant and valuable in understanding the complex physics engineering behaviors of prototype undrained soils fields. An executed literature review indicated that large-scale testing, such as shaking table (ST) centrifuge devices, associated advantages limitations. The current paper presents design, fabrication, calibration a 600N-capacity, small-scale, one-directional (1-D) laboratory ST device enables quick assessment soil liquefaction mechanisms. dynamically induced porewater pressure (PWP) generation characteristics sand mixed with different percentage weights clay were evaluated illustrated case study for testing device’s performance. east coast (ECS) New Zealand’s North Island was percentages kaolinite produce five variants ECS (00, 05, 10, 20, 25, 30). Three input sine wave ground motions constant frequency 10 Hz amplitudes 2, 3, 4 applied classified low, intermediate, moderate motions, respectively, evaluate evolution dynamic excess pore pressures samples. results clean samples lower content (ECS00, ECS05, ECS10, ECS15) produced highest PWP throughout three cycles, higher tendencies contraction properties. On other hand, (ECS20 ECS20) yielded lowest PWP, softening dilative